Why I Own A Computer Free Essays

PCs can do more things consistently. There are numerous favorable circumstances to realizing how to utilize a PC, and it is significant that everybody realize how to utilize them appropriately. Utilizing the data I have accumulated, and my own insight from my 12 years of PC experience, I will clarify the numerous points of interest of claiming a PC and how they significant they are in your regular day to day existence. We will compose a custom article test on Why I Own A Computer or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now I trust this helps other people comprehend why PCs and the Internet are so essential to approach. Webster’s New World Compact Dictionary characterizes a PC as â€Å"an electronic machine that performs fast, complex estimations or accumulates and associates data† (Computer, 1995, p. 226). While this definition gives one an extremely restricted perspective on what a PC can do, it portrays the fundamental thoughts of what I will develop. We have been surviving a time of PCs for a brief timeframe now, and there are as of now numerous individuals worldwide that are PC proficient. As indicated by Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, more than 250 million Personal Computers (PC’s) were being used by 1995, and one out of each three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman, Waggoner, 1996,p138). PCs are anything but difficult to utilize when you know how they work and what the parts are. All PCs play out the four essential tasks of the data preparing cycle: input, procedure, yield, and capacity. Information, any sort of crude realities, is required for the preparing cycle to happen. Information is prepared into helpful data by the PC equipment. Most PC frameworks comprise of a screen, a framework unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-circle drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a console, a mouse, and a printer. Every segment takes a section in one of the four activities. The console and mouse are input gadgets I use to enter information into the PC. From that point the information goes to the framework unit where it is prepared into helpful data the PC can comprehend and work with. Next the prepared information can be sent to capacity gadgets or to yield gadgets. Ordinarily yield is sent to the screen where I can see it or put away on the hard-plate or to a floppy-circle found inner of the framework unit. Yield can likewise be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound contingent upon the structure it takes after it is prepared. When I had gotten a handle on a comprehension of the essential parts and activities of a PC, I at that point found how PCs were going to make my life simpler and progressively charming. Being PC educated permits you to utilize numerous incredible programming applications and utilities to accomplish work for school, business, or delight. Microsoft is the current driving maker of a large number of these applications and utilities. Since Microsoft is the biggest programming maker it makes sense the vast majority including myself likely utilize one of their items regularly. With respect to myself, I utilize an assortment of programming items from a wide range of programming sellers. Microsoft has additionally delivered a product bundle called Microsoft Office that is extremely helpful in making reports, databases, spreadsheets, introductions, and different archives for school and work. Remembered for Microsoft Office, are Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Microsoft Word is a word handling program that makes making proficient looking archives, for example, declarations, resumes, letters, address books, and reports simple to do. I use Word ordinarily in my activity. I compose numerous letters and different types of interchanges to my clients or individual representatives at Hewlett-Packard. Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program, has highlights for information association, figurings, dynamic, and diagramming. I think that its helpful in making proficient looking reports. I likewise use it for following my deals and salary utilizing its spreadsheet capacities. Microsoft PowerPoint is â€Å"a finished introduction designs program that permits you to create proficient looking presentations† (Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat, 1996,p. 2). PowerPoint is adaptable enough with the goal that you can make electronic introductions, overhead transparencies, or even 35mm slides. I wear t utilize this as much as the others, yet I do utilize it when offering visits to understudies who visit Hewlett-Packard. At the point when I utilizing the Internet it permits me access to an immense asset of realities, information, data, and amusement that can assist me with accomplishing my work and have a fabulous time. As indicated by Netscape Navigator 2 running under Windows 3. 1, â€Å"the Internet is an assortment of systems, every one of which is made out of an assortment of littler networks† (Shelly, Cashman, Jordan, 1995, p. 12). Data can be sent over the Internet through correspondence lines as illustrations, sound, video, activity, and text. These types of PC media are known as hypermedia. Hypermedia is gotten to through hypertext joins, which are pointers to the PC where the hypermedia is put away. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the assortment of these hypertext interfaces all through the Internet. Every PC that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web webpage and has Web pages set up for clients to get to the hypermedia. Programs, for example, Netscape permit me to â€Å"surf the net† and quest for their preferred hypermedia. I have discovered a large number of instances of hypermedia on the Internet. While riding I additionally discovered craftsmanship, photographs, data on business, the administration, and universities, TV plans, film surveys, music verses, online news and magazines, sport sights of different sorts, games, books, and a large number of other hypermedia on the WWW. Through the Internet I can utilize, electronic mail (E-Mail), visit with different clients around the globe, purchase aircraft, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a house or a vehicle. The entirety of this, and the sky is the limit from there, furnishes me with a boundless gracefully of data for research, business, diversion, or other individual use. Online administrations, for example, America Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it significantly simpler to get to the intensity of the Internet. The Internet alone is nearly reason enough to become PC proficient, however there is still significantly more that PCs can do. One of my preferred purposes behind having a PC is for playing computer games. With a PC you can play games, reenactment games, sport games, methodology games, battling games, and experience games. Today’s innovation gives a definitive encounters in shading, designs, sound, music, full movement video, liveliness, and 3D impacts. PCs have likewise gotten progressively valuable in the music, film, and broadcast business. I have utilized my PC to form music, make audio cues, make embellishments, and make 3D life-like liveliness. I asylum t done this yet I realize its conceivable to alter past existing film and TV film into new projects, as found in the film Forrest Gump. This and more should be possible with PCs. I feel that there is really no time like the present to become PC proficient. PCs will do much more things later on and will get unavoidable. Buying and finding out about another PC presently will help put PC’s into the other 66% of the homes worldwide and make the change into a PC age simpler. I accept everybody should possess a PC paying little heed to age. Now is the ideal opportunity, and what's to come is here. The most effective method to refer to Why I Own A Computer, Essay models

Human Cloning- for Heavens Sake! essays

Human Cloning-for Heavens Sake! expositions Cloning has actually crossed the constraints of misuse of nature, by humankind. For a considerable length of time man has been creating, alleged answers for the issues it has, which thus produce much more prominent issues. Cloning is one of the them. The most significant purpose behind getting such a great amount of help as far as assets and acclaim is that its a procedure of making an indistinguishable clone of an individual, which truly energizes the individuals. I still dont get it how the demonstration of making a clone of an individual is ever going to profit humankind issues. Because it is an incredible bio-mechanical headway, it is viewed as shelter to human life. From the logical perspective cloning is definitely not a basic procedure as it is depicted. Till date human cloning is still in its earliest stages. Heaps of research is done first on creatures for testing the way toward cloning. What's more, when the researchers start the experimentation would deliver unusual and useless clones. The updates on cloning of the sheep; Dolly was flashed over the papers like a wonder happened. In any case, the updates on the quantity of strange and broken clones the researchers delivered in the process was completely hidden. Except if cloning is restricted, any lay researcher or quack would proceed with the cloning procedure and even may deliver entirely unexpected sort of infection. The sort and assortment of infections that are discharged in the air has expanded since man begun such progressions; particularly bio-specialized headway. Discussing human morals, cloning absolutely debases the laws of nature. Cloning is absolutely taking the privilege of nature to create existence with a correct parity. The past has shown man a ton of exercises like the creation of concoction, natural and atomic weapons. These progressions were made in any event, when their awful impacts were known. Yet at the same time the researchers proceeded with it and now the current age needs to manage the eventual outcomes. ... <!

SIPA Pan-African Network COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Pan-African Network COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Students at SIPA certainly play a large role in directing policy discussion.   A great example of this is the SIPA Pan-African Network (SPAN).   Each spring SPAN sponsors a forum and a brief description of the event this year is below.   For more information please visit the SPAN Web site as well as the African Economic Forum Web site. From a modest beginning in 2004, the annual African Economic Forum (AEF) has grown to become the largest Africa-focused event at Columbia University. Originally conceived of and organized by the SIPA Pan-African Network (SPAN), a graduate student organization, AEF is a two-day event featuring expert panels and keynote speakers. The students’ intent is to foster a public discussion on the core issues of African development by having experts of various, and sometimes opposing, perspectives openly debate the merits of different approaches and policies. Speakers at the conference will include Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (World Bank, Managing Director pictured to left ) William Kamkwamba (African Leadership Academy, student) and George Ayittey (Free Africa Foundation, President / Economist / Activist).

Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay - 730 Words

The title figure in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a classic example of a tragic hero. There are many factors that contribute to the main character, Macbeth, to degenerate; three of them will be discussed. These three are the prophecy, which was told him by the witches, Lady Macbeth’s influence and control over Macbeth’s judgment, and finally Macbeth’s ambitions that drove his desire to be king. Macbeth degenerates from a noble man to violent individual and this leads to his death. The prophecies that were told by the witches were one of the factors that contributed to the degeneration of his character. Typically, a tragic hero is a figure of high stature, often of noble background. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are†¦show more content†¦ii. 12). This shows that Lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in Macbeth’s degeneration because she knows that she has a strong and dominant power over her husband using her power, she encourages Macbeth to do what he has to do to get rid of King Duncan. He thinks that Duncan is a great King and considers him to be a good friend. Macbeth is lost in his thoughts, his â€Å"good† side and â€Å"bad† side are in a fight â€Å"But Macbeth is not a merely a cold- blooded†¦ he nearly persuades himself to reject the plan,† (Principal Topics, 238). Finally, Macbeth gives in to Lady Macbeth and decided to kill Duncan while he is visitin g Macbeth’s castle the same night. After Macbeth had killed Duncan, he regrets what he had done â€Å"†¦I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on’t again I dare not.†(Shakespeare, II. ii. 51). Following the format of a tragic hero, Macbeth suffers from a tragic flaw. At this point of the play, the audience can note the change in Macbeth’s character. Macbeth’s blind ambition also influenced his declining character. His ambitions alone had not been strong enough to carry King Duncan’s death. However, his ambitions along with the provoking of his wife lead him to take a violent and bloody path to the throne. Macbeth’s ambitions influenced the cause of his new character. This new character contained violence and power hunger. Macbeth was crowned King of Scotland, which led to extremeShow MoreRelatedWitches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay1766 Words   |  8 PagesWitches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare People that lived during the Elizabethan period were very superstitious. They feared the power of witches the most. The hate stemmed mostly from the . . . supposed satanic beliefs of the witches and their heretical partnership with the Devil (Papp and Kirkland 43). Others thought of witches only when something of value had been damaged. They automatically assumed that a witch or one of her familiars must have done it, and the one thing everyoneRead MoreThe Role of the Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of the Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare some time between 1603 and 1606 and is set in Scotland around 1040. The time it was written coincides with the reign of King James the First of England. King James showed a great interest in witches and powers of the supernatural and Macbeth was arguably written to impress the king in what were violent times. Shakespeare used witches as pivotal characters to createRead MoreWitches ´Prophecies in William Shakespeare ´s Macbeth1413 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"It is not in the stars to hold our destiny but in ourselves† William Shakespeare. In the play, Macbeth, three witches tell Macbeth a handful of prophecies that later come true. These prophecies mean nothing if Macbeth is not influenced to do something about it. Macbeth shows bravery and honor in a battle which gives victory to Scotland, making the witch’s first prophecy correct. Lady Macbeth’s ambitious to be queen after hearing about the witch’s second prophecy. This influences Macbeth’s actionsRead MoreEssay The Role of Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare The witches present modern directors with great difficulties. Consider the role of the witches and suggest how they can be made as successful for a modern audience as they would have been for a contemporary audience. In Shakespeare’s day, the thought of the witches scared people as they thought that they had witches living among them, casting spells on them and trying to do them harm. This fear was fuelled by theRead MoreAnalysis of the Three Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare1776 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of the Three Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare In this essay, I am going to look at and explore the three witches in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. I will look at the way they are presented in each of their four scenes; how audiences might react to them and the part they play in his downfall. The witches don’t appear much in the play but bring about the idea of both evil and ambition. In Act 1 Scene 1 the mood is set. We first hear of the witches and the play beginsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And The Witches1277 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most noteworthy reasons Shakespeare s plays are still so popular to this very day is because of their timeless themes. Similarly to modern day, the women of Shakespeare’s time were typically regarded as feeble and inferior to men. Compared to men, women weren’t thought of as important or competent, let alone capable of power. Shakespeare’s Macbeth declares this stigma wrong. In the play, the most prominent female characters, Lady Macbeth and the Witches, are domineering and mighty, whileRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. However, what really c atches my attention is the way Shakespeare uses language and unique style to create a distinct mood, and reveal characters’ inner thoughts. In the play Macbeth written by William ShakespeareRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 Pages His definition of tragedy applies to William Shakespeare s play Macbeth. The play is about a hero who reaches a high position in the play and then falls because of his choices. Macbeth is a tragic hero according to Aristotle s aspects that make a tragedy. Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect character, he appears in the play in a high stature, he starts to make multiple mistakes and due to his actions, he causes his downfall. First of all, Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect heroRead More What is drama? The Collins dictionary describes drama as a serious1360 Words   |  6 Pageshave to purchase tickets and go to the theatre for all their entertainment needs. Today technology has helped drama mature. The public is able to view their favourite soap opera or comedy program on the television or on the Internet. William Shakespeare was and still today is believed to be the greatest playwright of all time. He had the ability to pack the theatre every night when he was performing in one of his 37 plays of comedies, histories and tragedies. Baz Ulhrman described himRead MoreThe Fall Of A King893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fall of a King (An Analysis of why Macbeth became Mad and Corrupt) In life there are many things that influence the lives of people on a day to day basis. This can be anything from a small incident that happens on the daily.Or one rather large incident that has an enormous impact on them and influenced them to make further irrational decisions. It also doesn’t have to be a large event, but a sequence of events done by them, but influenced by others words and judgement. An excellent example

Arkansas National Parks

Informative Explanatory Essay Samples 7th Grade Features

Informative Explanatory Essay Samples 7th Grade Features The Downside Risk of Informative Explanatory Essay Samples 7th Grade Informative essay writing is an art which each student should master. In your introduction, you might have laid out what would be dealt with in the essay. Read on to find out more about how to construct an informative essay, together with examples of informative essays to aid you in getting started. Writing an essay can be very problematic, especially if it's the case that you do not feel inspired or can't collect your thoughts in a logical sequence. You might take a look at our Essay Outline Template to observe the structures you can use in writing informative essays and other sorts of pieces. Informative and explanatory text both are an essential portion of writing. When writing an explanatory essay, it's important to develop a lot of things that will guide the writing and consequently lead to a large article. Selecting a theme of your writing is an exceedingly important decision because it influences other phases of your writing. To be able to graduate from any educational establishment, one needs to accomplish a great deal of writing assignments successfully. Mentioning an advantage is easily the most workable technique. You must start with a thorough introduction followed by means of a body of paragraphs containing the supporting information. It is possible to either talk about a procedure or some chain of events. The Most Popular Informative Explanatory Essay Samples 7th Grade A subject of debate in Fortnite is th e very best approach to land. You've got zero idea where you're. You've got zero clue where to get started. It should help us focus on the principal idea. Writing an informative essay usually means that a writer has to be in a position to relay particular viewpoints that could be of two opposing sides. A thesis is the principal idea of your essay, which you'll be able to formulate in a number of statements. A thesis statement isn't a certainly verified fact and not the consequence of observations. As a way to effectively complete the essay, an individual must develop an overall concluding statement. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Informative Explanatory Essay Samples 7th Grade Despite the option to save a bit of money going FSBO, the downside for the homeowner can be extremely risky. Assume which you're dwelling in a society that doesn't have any law. It is probably the very first time he's learning the history of religion and the very first time he's looking at r eligion for a scholar. One of the principal purposes of an informative essay is to let people be educated on current issues so they can think of specific path of actions based on how they believe the issue must be resolved. No, because use receives the work done quicker and with less prospect of misunderstanding. Locating a good agent is where lots of individuals make a mistake. It might sound obvious, a straight line, but it's not. The point is, he says, if you believe you have what is necessary to sell a house for sale by owner, make sure that you fully grasp all the pitfalls and what you're giving up by not have agent representation. The Fight Against Informative Explanatory Essay Samples 7th Grade The abundance of information easily available on the web has turned each of us into experts in any field we would like. Such texts are also referred to as expository texts since they expose some new info to the reader. Informative texts are among the non-fiction kinds of writi ng that provide information on a particular topic. The explanatory text also is a really significant part the content. You must mention so much as the smallest details about it. You will need to select a topic that it is easy to find info about. In case the topic isn't assigned, you'll need to select your own topic. Choose a proper topic. In case the writer presents you with something very similar to what is shown here, then you're in good hands! Think about a moral dilemma a character in a novel or other bit of literature must face. Provide enough detail so that your reader can find out how to do the identical thing. American readers would really like to understand the method by which the country contributes to the general economy of the planet and how horrific events like terrorism affect the world. Importantly, such events have varying viewpoints that are contingent on the angles adopted by people who are thinking about learning something out of them. The major aim is to describe various organizational patterns. Therefore, it's wise to write about a few interesting, complex, and engagin g themes. Try re-reading the very first portion of a piece after completing it so as to recognize possible reoccurring motifs. Formatting an article employing the American Psychological Association style is one which is typically used in the majority of the learning institutions worldwide. Just as with any other study, research must be suitably done before writing begins. Students are requested to indicate how a specific sentence may be corrected or improved or the way the organization or development of a paragraph may be strengthened. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast group of absolutely free student models.

The Use of Sound in A Passage to India Essay Example For Students

The Use of Sound in A Passage to India Essay Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way. As we hear this cheery song, we are instantly transported to the wonderful month of December, imagining everything that it brings. The snow falling, the decorating of the Christmas tree, hot chocolate and time spent as a family. All these memories and feelings of joy were brought up by a simple verse of a well known song. It is the power of sound and music that can instantly transport us to different places, situations and times, whether fantasy or real. Movie directors use this same power to their advantage. The noises, sounds and music used in films have all been carefully selected to create particular feelings and subconscious thoughts in the viewers mind. Yet, how is this achieved? What goes into the making of each sound and musical note in a film? To what point does sound enhance a movie and have an impact on its audience? The purpose of this research paper will be to analyze the effects of sound in the movie A Passage to India and learn the process that goes into creating the score for such a film. The first movie with sound was The Jazz Singer in 1927. At the time, many critics felt that this would ruin movies altogether. However, movies were never actually silent. All movies have always had music in order to create further understanding of the overall plot. In Charlie Chaplins City Lights, an energetic and lively song was used during the fight scene, yet a romantic and gentle song is played whenever he sees the blind woman selling flowers. In both cases, music helped define the events. Despite the film being silent, music was an important component. Critics who believed movies would suffer from adding sound were proved wrong. Now, sound is one of the richest sources of meaning in a film. Sound is divided into three primary sections. The human voice or dialogue, sound effects and music. Each division of sound has its own influence throughout the movie. The purpose of the dialogue is to tell a story. The dialogue will express the feelings and intentions of the characters. The actors playing a role need to portray feelings and emotions through their tone of voice and conversation. It is their job to make their body movements and intonation seem natural, not forced. When this is done correctly, the actor creates a true persona rather than an actor playing a role. The speed at which the actors read the script is also influential and essentially considered for each character. When a character has a slow, soft and stuttering voice, the audience will immediately see the personage as weak or as the underdog. When the person speaks incredibly fast and is very opinionated, the viewers will likely see the person as annoying or perhaps even humorous. In the movie, A Passage to India, Dr. Aziz had a voice filled with energy, happiness and excitement. In part, he came across as an innocent man due to his expression. Incredibly, all these effects were caused simply by the tonality of the human voice. The next part to be considered is that of the sound effects used in film. A Passage to India had the distinct and constant noises of crickets and water whenever there was a moment of tranquility and loneliness. There was also the loud noises of animals and undistinguishable talking at the local markets and towns. In the case of A Passage to India, all the additional noises used were synchronous sounds. In terms of sound, to be synchronous is to have the sound match the actual events occurring in the film. Synchronous sounds are used to create a sense of realism in the film. However, asynchronous sounds also have an important role in filmmaking. Asynchronous noises can be used to show an annoyance or to create suspense. In the case of A Passage to India, the echoing noise in the Marabar Caves is the perfect example. Mrs. Moore and Adela both kept hearing the echo of the caves even after it was no longer there. It was used to show the sickening effects of the caves. How Renaissance Began in India EssayThe most common sound in the movie is of the chirping of crickets at a distance and the slow and steady rhythm of calm water. Being sounds of nature, the viewer remains relaxed and entranced by the simple moments of Indian culture. Yet, whenever there has been a moment of clashing culture between the English and the Indian, a loud western orchestra plays which shows how the British have overtaken Indian land. Despite the English having power over the people of India, the growth of the Indian people is shown throughout the movie by slowly adding more typical noises of their culture. At the beginning of the film, the sounds of the town were covered by the orchestra yet towards the end, the noise that the townspeople are making are too hard to ignore. It is at this time that Dr. Aziz is released and the Indians gain victory in a trial that had a decided fate. Sound, music, noise, echo Each one adds to the overall success of a film. Many times, sound is not given the credit it should be. Sound creates subconscious emotions in a person that cannot otherwise be achieved. It adds to the plot of a movie, many times as an additional character. Other times, it sets up the narrative and develops the storyline. A scary film would not be as effective without sounds adding suspense every step of the way. Just as an action movie wouldnt be successful without the loud noises of explosions and gunshots. Yes, the process of post-production is difficult and painstaking but it is necessary. The director spends a great deal of time deciding what to add and omit because without the special consideration of sound, a film would not be complete. The viewers will not enjoy or maybe even understand the movie without the special effects added by the music. Sound is one of the most essential parts of filmmaking. Bibliography: Passage to India. Film Education. Filmeducation.org, n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2012.  . Making of A Passage to India. A Passage to India. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . Indian Heritage Music. Indian Heritage Music. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . The Art and Technique of Postproduction Sound. The Art and Technique of Postproduction Sound. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012.  . Introduction to Film Sound. Introduction to Film Sound. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2012. How to Create Professional Sounding Films. The Importance of Sound in Films. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2012.

Wireless Power Transmission Implication for the Environment

Wireless power involves the transmission of power without using wires or cords. Use of Wireless power transfer technology can lessen or eradicate the need for batteries and wires. Although wireless power has several benefits to the community and the environment, it, also, has negative implications.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wireless Power Transmission Implication for the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will focus on some forms of wireless power transmission, as well as, negative and positive implications of wireless transmission for the environment. Nikola Tesla introduced the idea of wireless power transmission, in early 20th century. Tesla came up with the notion of electrostatic induction, which entails making exceedingly high potential and alternating variations amid two bits of metal using a tool similar to a Tesla coil. A field that is electric would be rotating back a nd forth liberating energy to be arrested by a receiver, among these metal bits. Tesla believed this could be valuable as it would be possible to move the lights anywhere without a cord. Besides, Tesla hypothesized that by structuring two vast Tesla coils, it would be possible to create this outcome in the entire world. Since then, many notions about the same have emerged, with resonant inductive coupling being the most potential technology. Resonant inductive coupling uses the basics of wave harmonics to form a strong connection of magnetic waves, which resonate at a similar frequency of harmonic magnetic waves, from 2 coils. Several studies reveal that this technology is extremely competent. Wireless power transmission can be used in many areas, where the wired power may be unsuitable. However, wireless power technology has many demerits, despite its many applications. Similar to wired power, wireless power has a restricted range.Advertising Looking for research paper on envi ronmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the range of wired power is clearly visible, since it becomes restricted by a chord, whereas the range of wireless power is not visible as it becomes revealed by a signal. The range of wireless power that gets created by resonant induction coupling can be established from the radius of the coil. High efficiency occurs near the coil’s radius. Besides, considering its 80% effectiveness, wireless power is less efficient than the usual wired systems. This is because a wireless system some power gets utilized in forming the magnetic field that relays the power from one coil to the other while in a wired system much of the power that becomes directed into a circuit gets to its destination (Glindogdu Afacan, 2011, July 26). Nevertheless, this loss of energy becomes compensated for because it is easy to notice when a tool no longer requires power. Hence, power can be switc hed off to save energy, while in a conventional system power will persist to be consumed after a tool gets charged wholly (Branscombe, 2009). A vast predicament with wireless power is that it might necessitate much exertion to establish. Wireless power infrastructure needs the source coils, for transmission, to be positioned near where the power needs to be relayed. Since most presently, manufactured tools become designed to utilize wired power, a noteworthy cost would occur in swapping from wired to wireless power. Nevertheless, the coils would be rather inexpensive to create since they just require a few loops of wire and a capacitor. Designing the coils would form the trickiest task, since they have to be adjusted to the right frequency relying on the distance of the wire, the amount of loops in the wire and the capacitor (Kurs, 2007, July 06). However, electrical engineers would not find such a task hard. Negative Implications of Wireless Power Transmission Similar to other new technologies, there exist costs allied with the gains that can result from utilizing wireless power. The chief concern for several persons, who get implicated in the formation of large scale execution, is that wireless power is somewhat new in regard to broad application and design.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wireless Power Transmission Implication for the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The key adversaries of wireless power are those implicated with mining of fossil fuel, battery power manufacture, and existing companies of electricity. These groups have an interest in maintaining customary wire power and restrict the construction of wireless power. The development of wireless power technology presents uncertainty, in regard to human health. The health effects of getting exposed to energy waves are currently in the period of research and require to be developed further ahead of mass f abrication of this source of energy. This is a key shortcoming that should get consideration when devising wireless power technology. Are the lives that get lost at present, more costly than the lives that are likely to be lost in prospect? Such hard questions are some of the solemn quandaries that technological scientists and regime officials will encounter, in prospect. From an environment perspective, we may argue that switching the world for wireless power, wholly, is likely to generate enormous quantities of waste in the shape of useless and obsolete electrical devices, as well as, utilize a vast amount of resources. This is because, at present, the infrastructure that is in use became planned for electrical outlets and wires. Such waste will certainly terminate in landfills. The waste further stays for about thousand of years before it degrades and leeches poisonous compounds into the soil. Some compounds that get used in electronics and poses environmental issues with electro nic waste include chromium, Phosphor, barium lead and mercury. Such compounds can be regarded as constant organic accumulators, since they remain in the environment and accrue inorganic tissues that lead to serious issues like reproductive disorders, nerve damage and cancer. Proponents against wireless power claim that enhancements should be conducted, on wireless power technology, to decrease waste that occurs during installation and maximize health benefits (Zhang et al., 2011, May 15).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positive Implications of Wireless Power Transmission Utilizing wireless power for daily uses has vast latent environmental benefits. Energy costs will also reduce, saving homeowners untold amounts of income. Wireless power will substitute the utilization of batteries, which make landfills toxic, through their disposal. Discarding, into landfills, leads to environment poisoning and dilapidation. Massive volumes of formation are not the lone limitations of batteries. Batteries become flawed, incompetent and can be hazardous, when oxidized. Batteries erode gradually and leech poisonous acid and lead into soil, once batteries go through landfills. Hence, they have the latent to put toxic to water sources, in adjoining communities. Availing g wireless power, in the residents of most persons, will restrain the manufacture, utilization, and accretion of batteries and radically lessen the leeching of acid and lead into the soil, in prospect. Besides, energy outlays will lessen, saving homeo wners myriad quantities of income, through utilizing wireless power as a substitute to batteries and wires. Wireless power benefits related to effectiveness. Wireless power is apt to be more proficient than normal charging, with quick mechanisms that identify machines and screen levels of power, substituting compound adapters, and switching off the power when a machine becomes charged fully (Branscombe, 2009). Energy should be utilized with as much control as feasible, since it is a costly resource. Possessing an energy source that just utilizes the required power can make the most use of created energy. This decreases the reliance on fossil fuels, which is a prevalent concern, in this generation, ultimately. Eradicating tremendous energy utilization and lessening the use of energy, enables wireless power to turn into an environmentally logic technology that has the latent to be executed on some broad extent. For instance, a possible use of near region wireless power, on some broad extent, is the application for charging hybrid and electric vehicles. Rather than having a wired connection, for buses and cars, wireless expertise can be incorporated into bus terminus and parking places, letting charging to take place without connections and instantaneously. This may allow a flawless incorporation of electric and hybrid vehicles into viable use on a broad scale. For city bus structures, chiefly, wireless charging positions could be availed at each bus stop, eliminating the call for gasoline and diesel utilization, totally. This would have several benefits including decreasing servicing logistics, saving time and lessening the carbon footprints of every bus, because power could be produced electrically, unlike with the use of fossil fuels. Thus, wireless power’s environmental implications are broad and extensive, although the moral benefits, also, expand to health benefits. The health deliberations of wireless power transmission contain the latent to change how medical implants, home care and hospitals function, totally. Hence, invention of wireless power transmission is a significant asset, since the technology and design may be executed, in hospitals globally, to abolish the utilization of defective batteries and messy wires. At present, home care and Medical implants depend on batteries and grid power, entirely, thus, limiting patients to wires and incessant substitution gadgets. Availing wireless power at homes librates patients from their therapeutic circumstance, entirely, through letting power to be provided, remotely, from just walking close to the power supplier (Hickey, 2011, July 11). As stated earlier, not having to restore devices because of battery run-down demonstrates the diminution of risks like diseases, infections and invasive surgeries. Moreover, Wireless power has the latent to sustain hundreds of persons, each year, through lessening the amount of deaths allied with wiring and issues, at the home environs includin g electrical shocks and burns (Barrett, 2004). Wireless power has potential to reduce the amount of deaths, at home settings, since it eradicates wires and electrical outlets. Thus, wireless power has the latent to benefit millions of persons regarding health benefits. From a moral stance, we should seek to know whether it would be ethically justified to adopt a technology that can save hundreds of lives, despite the demerits associated with wireless power technology. In conclusion, it is apparent that although wireless power transmission has negative implications on human health and environment, power transmission through resonant inductive coupling can be beneficial to the public if it became used in electrics at home. Wireless power technology can substitute disposable wires and batteries, thus, lessening hazardous chemicals and the possibility for poisoning societies, from an environmental perspective. Besides, resonant inductive coupling posses’ health advantages and wit h no use of cords life would grow to be easy, as a person would not need to keep on carrying the cords. Besides, wireless power may help lessen the damage that the current, power infrastructure introduces to the environment. In addition, risks associated with customary wires become immaterial. An additional benefit is the implausible convenience created by having all an individual’s electronics charged and powered with no wires. This implies that an individual’s movement will not be restricted, when charging devices. However, some people doubt the applicability of wireless power. Several industries produce the electronic parts that should be substituted with inductive resonance expertise. Besides, a number of researchers think that it is unsafe for human beings to contact magnetic fields, which become used in the resonant inductive coupling. A different large shortcoming is the intricacy and vast cost of introducing and executing the wireless power structure, since mos t presently, generated consumer electronics lack the essential parts. The moral implications of wireless power include negative consequences on humanity. Moral tensions arise when considering environmental patronage and human health into the execution of tentative and new wireless power technology. Opponents and advocates exist on both dimensions of this subject, and all introduce a mass of concerns and dilemmas to consider. Wireless power has the latent to affect each person who utilizes any electric power. Hence, transmission of wireless power is an invasive and contemporary subject of interest for the entire public. The demerits of wireless power become overshadowed by the merits. Hence, from a moral stance, it is crucial to expand the technology of wireless power to the position of large-scale production, for the advancement of the community. References Barrett, M. (2004). Analysis of electrical accidents in UK domestic properties. Web. Branscombe, M. (2009). Wireless power†™s 2009 debut. Web. Glindogdu, A. E. Afacan, E. (2011). Some experiments related to wireless power transmission. IEEE Xplore, 1, 507-509. Hickey , H. (2011). Wireless power could cut cord for patients with implanted heart pumps. Web. Kurs, A. (2007). Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Web. Zhang, F., Hackworth, S. A., Fu, W., Li, C., Mao, Z., Sun, M. (2011). Relay effect of wireless power transfer using strongly coupled magnetic resonances. IEEE Xplore, 47(5), 1478-1481. This research paper on Wireless Power Transmission Implication for the Environment was written and submitted by user Maya Pierce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Analysis of the Conclusion to Wuthering Heights Essay Example

An Analysis of the Conclusion to Wuthering Heights Essay Example An Analysis of the Conclusion to Wuthering Heights Paper An Analysis of the Conclusion to Wuthering Heights Paper Essay Topic: Wuthering Heights Wuthering Heights Conclusion As we learned in class from the group presentation, the purpose of gothic literature is to evoke emotions of terror and horror, as well as break social norms. Typical image and imagery include specters, ghosts, and demons, along with dim lighting or eerie settings. Themes of gothic literature include uncertainty and the examination of the nature of power, law, society, family and sexuality that usually build to a great climax. Wuthering Heights is a great example of all of those aspects, but unlike most Gothic romances, I do not think that Wuthering Heights builds to an intense and violent climax before its ending. Instead, I think the tension in the novel unfolds as the inner conflict within Heathcliff slowly dissolves, as his love for Catherine lessens his longing for revenge on his dead oppressors children. Although the novels happy ending is not possible until Heathcliffs death, his authority becomes less threatening in the days that precede his death. As time passes, Heathcliff becomes increasingly bsessed with his dead love Catherine, and finds constant reminders of her everywhere he turns. He begins conversing with her ghost, and, after his climactic night on the moors he is overcome with a sudden sense of cheer, and he has a happy premonition of his own impending death. This part of the novel makes me very suspicious about what occurred at the moors to cause Heathcliffs change of attitude. The text frequently compares Heathcliff to the Devil, but he does not believe in Hell. His forced education of religion as a child caused him to deny the existence of Heaven, and his lack of religious beliefs seemed to cause him not fear death. I think death for Heathcliff symbolizes one thing: the beginning of his reunion with Catherine. I think the thought of this reunion with Catherine even sparks excitement for Heathcliff, which gives him the happy premonition of death. I think the marriage between Cathy and Hareton, symbolizes the start of a new life and the end of depression and disparity in the novel. I also think the marriage symbolizes the ower love has to overcome hardships and prevail. The marriage between Cathy and Hareton leading to a happy ending is also foreshadowing of the idea that had Catherine and Heathcliff been allowed to marry, the violence and revenge seen in the second half of the novel may not have occurred. I think that the reunion of Catherine and Heathcliffs ghosts is a fitting piece to the happy ending of the novel, demonstrating again that true love prevails, for better or for worse. An Analysis of the Conclusion to Wuthering Heights By Bmpegram

Fundamental of International Buisness Master Essay

Fundamental of International Buisness Master - Essay Example CPC's production facilities are decentralized according to the four regions in which it operates, following the principle of having the right product in the right store at the right time. Using SAP software for more effective management of logistics and promotional investments, reduction of out-of-stocks, and excellent customer service, it has production and R&D facilities in the following countries: CPC has a stable of global brands that include the following: Colgate, Palmolive, Kolynos, Sorriso, Elmex, Mennen, Protex, Softsoap, Irish Spring, Ajax, Soupline, Suavitel, Hill's Science Diet, and Hill's Prescription Diet. Its product formulations (Annual Report, 2004, pp. 8-12) are adapted to the country or region where these are sold. The growth rates of exports are higher compared to that of domestic sales, which declined slightly by 0.19% (from $2.744 billion to $2.739 billion) in 2003 and grew by 1.52% (to $2.781 billion) in 2004. Colgate-Palmolive Company (2004). Annual report: investing strategically for profitable growth. New York: Colgate-Palmolive Company. Retrieved November 26, 2005, from http://investor.colgatepalmolive.com/downloads/2004Annual.pdf

One of each Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

One of each - Essay Example By the latter part of the 1960s, as the impacts of the economic development pursuit upon the environment turned out to be more obvious, environmental concerns began to receive more attention and gain more importance. The Torrey Canyon accident, a major oil-tanker that broke up resulting in to the discharge of oil onto England’s south-west coast, raised severe public concern and underscored the fact that elevated consumer consumption was vulnerable to environmental threats. The growing industrialisation of agriculture in the United States was also seriously criticised for the environmental harm attributable to the application of agro-chemicals on farmland. Scholarly criticisms eventually had a key influence on public awareness and later on policy making, with the restriction or prohibition of use being placed on agro-chemicals classified as being the most hazardous (Holden 2003). Nevertheless, the tourism industry remained basically invulnerable from environmental criticism, the tourism’s reputation being chiefly an environmental friendly affair, or what some referred to as the ‘smokeless industry’. This image was boosted by the descriptions of tourism, encompassing values of beauty and purity, as depicted in sceneries of lush mountain areas and glamorous beaches enclosed in sunshine. Still, there were disagreeing remarks about tourism’s ‘smokelessness.’ There are academics who argue that in 1961 there was interest being shown over the potential ecological imbalance that may lead to tourism growth in the island of Tahiti in the Pacific (Holden 2003, 67). The examination of the impacts of growing population of people going down upon scenic regions in the 1960s provoked Mishan (1969, 141) to comment: Once serene and lovely towns such as Andorra and Biarritz are smothered with new hotels and the dust and roar of motorised traffic. The isles of Greece have become a

Wireless Network Advantages and Disadvantages

Wireless Network Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages There are many advantages associated with installing a wireless network compared to a wired network such as mobility, cost-effectiveness and adaptability. Wireless Networking is relatively cheaper than wired Networks since they require no cables between the computers as well as lower long term costs due to less maintenance since there is less equipment. The reduction of cables also reduces the trip hazard caused by cables running along the floor in most homes. Most wireless network equipment is plug-and-play, which helps reduce the total cost such as vendor installation and eliminates redundancy is case of a system crash. Wireless Networking is also very mobile and versatile; it is adaptable to most situations and requirements. Wireless networks can easily be set up and dissembled, which is perfect for many people who are on temporary worksites/homes or leased space. It can also provide networking in places where regular wire cannot reach such as the backyard in a home situation. Access points can be used to boost the wireless signal range if required. Since portable workstations such as laptops have become popular, wireless networks can provide quick and easy access to the internet and workspaces for students and teachers in universities etc. It is also extremely easy to add other components onto this type of network such as easy installation of VoIP and printers etc without the need to configure ones computer. Disadvantages Since wireless networking is a relatively new and contingent form of networking, it is filled with it own hazards and problems such as unreliability and security. Wireless networks have limited bandwidth, hence they cannot support Video Teleconferencing(VTC). It is also limited in its expandability due to the lack of available wireless spectrum for it to occupy. Wireless Network can also be a security risk if not installed and maintained properly. Wireless networks don„ ¢t require any physical components to connect up to it such as wires, only a wireless adapter is required which significantly increases the accessibility of the network to potential hackers. This scenario is worsened if the network doesn„ ¢t contain a password since it can then be accessed by anyone with ease. Wireless networks also have an increased chance of jamming and interference due to external factors such as fog and dust storms or when a flying object such as an aeroplane passes over the field. When too many people in the same area use wireless networks, the band of air that they transmit signals on can become overloaded. Wired networks Advantages Wired networks have existed for a long times, therefore have developed exponentially over the recent years. Improvements have been made in the fields of speed, security and reliability. Wired networks offer the fastest transfer speed of all the networks. Gigabit Ethernet is currently the best choice for wired networks and provides speeds of up to one gigabit per second. This is almost three times faster than the best wireless connection available and almost ninety times faster than a regular connection. Wired networks consist of physical, fixed connects which are not prone to interference and fluctuations in available bandwidth caused by factors such as walls. Features such as shielding(adding an aluminium foil around the wires) and twisting at different strengths help reduce interference. Wired networks also have a better security system than wireless networks. The network itself is harder to connect to since it has to be physically connected to through wires which can become a hassle when trying to hack into it. It cannot be accessed from anywhere since the signals are not broadcasted. Disadvantages Wired networks mainly suffer the inverse of the advantages of a wireless network system such as lack of mobility and greater cost. Wireless network require greater resources such as cabling, switch/hub and network cards to install and to maintain therefore the initial and long term costs are much higher. It can also be a large loss when it has to be disassembled and reinstalled since they wiring has to be completely overhauled and is normally unusable after because of damage. Wired networks can also be a hassle to install new components into because of all the hardware required to do this. Cables and network cards are required to install new computers to the system and wires need to be drawn from the switch to the computers. The wiring can become messy and indistinguishable very quickly and can become a potential safety hazard due to the risk of triping. Wired Network Components Switch The network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments, it connects the various parts of the network together like a convergence device. The network switch commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that also process data at the Network layer are technically referred to as Multilayer switches. Network card A network interface card, network adapter, network interface controller (NIC), network interface card, or LAN adapter is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is both an OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (data link layer) device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly Cabling: There are many types of cabling available but the two common groups are the copper cables and the fibre optic cables. There are two main types of copper cables, twisted pairs and coaxial cable. Twisted pairs are two insulated wires twisted around each other to for a twisted pair. This leads to a better electrical performance and a slightly higher bit rate than untwisted pairs. The twisting helps reduce interference by twisting at different tightness„ ¢ and by also adding in a layer of aluminium around it(shielded). They have become the most common form of transmission media cable today. Coaxial cables are two-wire conductors with a larger bandwidth than the twisted pair cables. The inner cable is heavily insulated so it is safe from bending and crushing and separated from the braided outer conductor. This outer cable is in turn insulated. The resultant electrical field occurs outside the coaxial cable, thus reducing the level of noise making the medium suitable for conducting high bit rates over longer distances than twisted pairs. Fibre Optics Fibre optic cables work through total internal reflection where a beam of light is passed through a hollow glass tube. There are two methods of transfer for this media, single mode and multi mode. Single mode optical fibre„ ¢s only carry a single ray of light that can vary in wavelength. The ray travels parallel to the length of the fibre and is often called the transverse mode since its electromagnetic vibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the fiber. Multi mode is mostly used for communication over short distances. It utilizes multiple rays of light travelling through the same tube at the same time. Typical multimode links have data rates of 10 Megabit/s to 10 Gigabit/s over link lengths of up to 600 meters. Wireless Network Components Wireless Modem/Router A wireless router is a network device that performs the functions of a router but also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is commonly used to allow access to the Internet or a computer network without the need for a cabled connection. It can function in a wired LAN (local area network), a wireless only LAN or a mixed wired/wireless network. A modem router also allows access to the internet for the whole network. Wireless Network Adapter A wireless network adapter allows a computing device to join a wireless LAN. Wireless network adapters contain a built-in radio transmitter and receiver. There are many three main types of adapters, traditional PCI wireless adapters are add-in cards designed for installation inside a desktop computer having a PCI bus. USB wireless adapters connect to the external USB port of a computer. Finally, so-called PC Card or PCMCIA wireless adapters insert into a narrow open bay on a notebook computer. Security Authentication Authentications are security measures designed to establish the validity of a transmission, message, or originator, or a means of verifying an individuals authorization to receive specific categories of information. E.g. Passwords. Firewall Firewalls can be implemented in either hardware or software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. Types of firewalls include packet filters, proxy servers, Application gateways and circuit level gateways. Encryption Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a cipher text that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back into its original form, so it can be understood. There are three types of encryption, manual, transparent and semi-transparent. Proposal: The most suitable network for this situation is a mixture of both wired and wireless networks. Offices two, three and four should be connected through physical wired connections to ensure maximum speed and reliability and the fastest possible connection with the server without creating a more permanent layout e.g. burying the wires. Fast Ethernet cabling will be used since extreme transfer speeds are not required for this situation. Office one should be connected to wireless which eradicates the need for cables. Since there is only one computer connected wirelessly the bandwidth is not shared allowing for ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“faster„ ¢ connection speed. There is also the added bonus of being able to connect laptops etc, which are becoming increasingly popular, to the network with ease. The switch and the router will be placed in office three along with the server since it will be the computer that is most frequently accessed, reducing the distance between it and t he switch should increase performance. The router/modem will be connected to an internet access point to allow for internet connection. Bibliography Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Networks http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/khayat.pdf (accessed 10/9/10) www.netgear.co.uk/home_newnetwork_wiredwireless.php (accessed 8/09/10) Advantages and Disadvantages of Wired Networks http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~dil/thesis_mosaic/subsection2_7_2_2.html (accessed 10/9/10) www.web-articles.info//Advantages-of-Wired-Networks-over-Wireless-Networks/ (accessed on the 8/9/10) Network Components http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_adapter (Accessed 10/09/10) http://www.teach-ict.com/as_a2/topics/networks/network%20components/network_components/index.htm (accessed 08/09/10)

Never Leave Your Past Behind Essay -- Essays Papers

Never Leave Your Past Behind I grew up in a low-income, single-parent family on the far south-side of Chicago. My sister and her family also lived with us. They needed a place to stay while they looked for a more affordable house. One thing my family doesn't do is turn our backs on each other. Sociologists who claim to be experts on non-white families have their own words for this type of situation. They derogatorily label this as a poverty-stricken, Black matriarchal extended family who lives in the ghetto. Yet all in all, we were happy because we helped each other. We were not the type of family who wondered what the next meal would be. We always knew we would have food on the table, but the type of food was a different story. Plain and simple, our goal was to survive. Survival to us was to get a job and hopefully wake up the next morning. I didn't think about college. Why should I? I didn't even like high school. But, somehow, somewhere an idea was instilled in me. "To be 'somebody,' I must go to college; if I didn't go, I would be a nobody." Because I believed this, I became more distant from my family and friends. I felt ashamed of my family because no one went to college right out of high school except for me. I felt my friends were not worthy of my time because I was in college and they were not. My biggest mistake in life was when I tried to leave my past behind me. It took me nineteen long, painful years to believe and learn never to be ashamed of who I am or where I came from. Since I lived in an area where there were only Blacks, I wanted to get away from them. I didn't want to witness another murder in front of my house. I couldn't tolerate another ten-to-twenty year old drug seller stopping me and asking, "... ... love myself and to love my family. After I knew my family supported me in whatever I did or said, my life began. Mentally, I grew stronger. I no longer felt ashamed of my family or friends. Most of all, I no longer was ashamed of being Black. In fact, I love myself because I am Black. I feel empowered because of what I have seen and experienced. I am proud because I am the first one in my family to attend college. I am happy because the people I love have helped me the best way they knew how. The only thing I needed to do was to love myself for who I am and where I came from. In order to do that, as my favorite high school teacher said, "You have to know where you came from before you know where you're going. And, you can't do that by acting like someone else." After all these years, I am proud to announce that I am a Black woman who knows where she's going.

Asc 330-10

October 13, 2011 330 Inventory 10 Overall 330-10-00 Status Note: General Note The Status Section identifies changes to this Subtopic resulting from Accounting Standards Updates. The Section provides references to the affected Codification content and links to the related Accounting Standards Updates. Nonsubstantive changes for items such as editorial, link and similar corrections are included separately in Maintenance Updates. General 330-10-00-1 330- 10-00No updates have been made to this subtopic. 330-10-05 Overview and BackgroundNote: General Note The Overview and Background Section provides overview and background material for the guidance contained in the Subtopic. It does not provide the historical background or due process. It may contain certain material that users generally consider useful to understand the typical situations addressed by the standards. The Section does not summarize the accounting and reporting requirements. General 330-10-05330-10-05-1 The Inventory Topic addresses the accounting principles and reporting practices applicable to inventory. 30-10-05330-10-05-2 An inventory has financial significance because revenues may be obtained from its sale, or from the sale of the goods or services in the production of which it is used. Normally such revenues arise in a continuous repetitive process or cycle of operations in which goods are acquired, created, and sold, and further goods are acquired for additional sales. 330-10-05330-10-05-3 Thus, the inventory at any given date is the balance of costs applicable to goods on hand remaining after the matching of absorbed costs with concurrent revenues.This balance is appropriately carried to future periods provided it does not exceed an amount properly chargeable against the revenues expected to be obtained from ultimate disposition of the goods carried forward. In practice, this balance is determined by the process of pricing the articles included in the inventory. 330-10-10 Objectives Note: Gene ral Note The Objectives Section provides the high-level objectives that the Subtopic is intended to accomplish or attain. The Section does not summarize or discuss the main principles of accounting and reporting requirements.General 330-10-10330-10-10-1 A major objective of accounting for inventories is the proper determination of income through the process of matching appropriate costs against revenues. 330-10-15 Scope and Scope Exceptions Note: General Note The Scope and Scope Exceptions Section outlines the items (for example, the entities, transactions, instruments, or events) to which the guidance in the Subtopic does or does not apply. In some cases, the Section may contain definitional or other text to frame the scope. General > Overall GuidanceThe Scope Section of the Overall Subtopic establishes the pervasive scope for the Inventory Topic. 330-10-15330-10-15-1 > Entities The guidance in the Inventory Topic applies to all entities, with the following qualifications. Th e guidance in this Topic is not necessarily applicable to the following entities: 330-10-15330-10-15-2 330-10-15330-10-15-3 a. Not-for-profit entities (NFPs) b. Regulated utilities. 330-10-20 Glossary Note: General Note The Master Glossary contains all terms identified as glossary terms throughout the Codification.Clicking on any term in the Master Glossary will display where the term is used. The Master Glossary may contain identical terms with different definitions, some of which may not be appropriate for a particular Subtopic. For any particular Subtopic, users should only use the glossary terms included in the particular Subtopic Glossary Section (Section 20). Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle Those recognized changes in assets or liabilities necessary to effect a change in accounting principle. An example of a irect effect is an adjustment to an inventory balance to effect a change in inventory valuation method. Related changes, such as an effect on deferred i ncome tax assets or liabilities or an impairment adjustment resulting from applying the lower-of-cost-or-market test to the adjusted inventory balance, also are examples of direct effects of a change in accounting principle. Inventory The aggregate of those items of tangible personal property that have any of the following characteristics: a. Held for sale in the ordinary course of business b.In process of production for such sale c. To be currently consumed in the production of goods or services to be available for sale. The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the merchandise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). This definition of inventories excludes long-term assets subject to depreciation accounting, or goods which, when put into use, will be so classified.The fact that a depreciable asset is retired from regular use and held for sale does not indicate that the item should be classified as part of the inventory. Raw materials and supplies purchased for production may be used or consumed for the construction of long-term assets or other purposes not related to production, but the fact that inventory items representing a small portion of the total may not be absorbed ultimately in the production process does not require separate classification.By trade practice, operating materials and supplies of certain types of entities such as oil producers are usually treated as inventory. Market As used in the phrase lower of cost or market, the term market means current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, as the case may be) provided that it meets both of the following conditions: a. Market shall not exceed the net realizable value b. Market shall not be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin.Net Realizable Value Estima ted selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion and disposal. 330-10-30 Initial Measurement Note: General Note The Initial Measurement Section provides guidance on the criteria and amounts used to measure a particular item at the date of initial recognition. General > Cost Basis 330-10-30330-10-30-1 The primary basis of accounting for inventories is cost, which has been defined generally as the price paid or consideration given to acquire an asset.As applied to inventories, cost means in principle the sum of the applicable expenditures and charges directly or indirectly incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location. It is understood to mean acquisition and production cost, and its determination involves many considerations. 330-10-30330-10-30-2 Although principles for the determination of inventory costs may be easily stated, their application, particularly to such inventory items as work in process and finished goods, is difficult because of the variety of considerations in the allocation of costs and charges. 30-10-30330-10-30-3 For example, variable production overheads are allocated to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of the production facilities. However, the allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Normal capacity refers to a range of production levels. Normal capacity is the production expected to be achieved over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance.Some variation in production levels from period to period is expected and establishes the range of normal capacity. 330-10-30330-10-30-4 The range of normal capacity will vary based on business- and industry-specific factors. Judgment is required to determine when a production level is abnormally low (that is, outside the range of expected variation in production). 330-10-30330-10-30-5 Examples of factors that might be anticipated to cause an abnormally low production level include significantly reduced demand, labor and materials shortages, and unplanned facility or equipment downtime. 30-10-30330-10-30-6 The actual level of production may be used if it approximates normal capacity. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production shall be decreased so that inventories are not measured above cost. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production shall not be increased as a consequence of abnormally low production or idle plant. 330-10-30330-10-30-7 Unallocated overheads shall be recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.Other items such as abnormal freight, handling costs, and amounts of wasted materials (spoilage) require treatment as current period charges rather than as a portion of the inventory c ost. 330-10-30330-10-30-8 Also, under most circumstances, general and administrative expenses shall be included as period charges, except for the portion of such expenses that may be clearly related to production and thus constitute a part of inventory costs (product charges). Selling expenses constitute no part of inventory costs. The exclusion of all overheads from inventory costs does not constitute an accepted accounting procedure.The exercise of judgment in an individual situation involves a consideration of the adequacy of the procedures of the cost accounting system in use, the soundness of the principles thereof, and their consistent application. General and administrative expenses ordinarily shall be charged to expense as incurred but may be accounted for as contract costs under the completed-contract method of accounting or, in some circumstances, as indirect contract costs by government contractors. > Determination of Inventory Costs 30-10-30330-10-30-9 Cost for invent ory purposes may be determined under any one of several assumptions as to the flow of cost factors, such as first-in first-out (FIFO), average, and last-in first-out (LIFO). The major objective in selecting a method should be to choose the one which, under the circumstances, most clearly reflects periodic income. 330-10-30330-10-30-10 The cost to be matched against revenue from a sale may not be the identified cost of the specific item which is sold, especially in cases in which similar goods are purchased at different times and at different prices.While in some lines of business specific lots are clearly identified from the time of purchase through the time of sale and are costed on this basis, ordinarily the identity of goods is lost between the time of acquisition and the time of sale. 330-10-30330-10-30-11 Accordingly, if the materials purchased in various lots are identical and interchangeable, the use of identified cost of the various lots may not produce the most useful finan cial statements.This fact has resulted in the general acceptance of several assumptions with respect to the flow of cost factors such as FIFO, average, and LIFO to provide practical bases for the measurement of periodic income. 330-10-30330-10-30-12 Standard costs are acceptable if adjusted at reasonable intervals to reflect current conditions so that at the balance-sheet date standard costs reasonably approximate costs computed under one of the recognized bases.In such cases descriptive language shall be used which will express this relationship, as, for instance, â€Å"approximate costs determined on the first-in first-out basis,† or, if it is desired to mention standard costs, â€Å"at standard costs, approximating average costs. † 330-10-30330-10-30-13 In some situations a reversed mark-up procedure of inventory pricing, such as the retail inventory method, may be both practical and appropriate.The business operations in some cases may be such as to make it desirab le to apply one of the acceptable methods of determining cost to one portion of the inventory or components thereof and another of the acceptable methods to other portions of the inventory. 330-10-30330-10-30-14 Although selection of the method should be made on the basis of the individual circumstances, financial statements will be more useful if uniform methods of inventory pricing are adopted by all companies within a given industry. >Consistency Required 330-10-30330-10-30-15 While the basis of stating inventories does not affect the overall gain or loss on the ultimate disposition of inventory items, any inconsistency in the selection or employment of a basis may improperly affect the periodic amounts of income or loss. Because of the common use and importance of periodic statements, a procedure adopted for the treatment of inventory items shall be consistently applied in order that the results reported may be fairly allocated between years. >Purchases and Sales of Invent ory with the Same Counterparty 330-10-30330-10-30-16 For a discussion of the initial measurement of inventory purchased from an entity to which it also sells inventory in the same line of business, see paragraphs 845-10-55-10 through 55-26. > Costs Resulting from Share-Based Payment Transactions See paragraph 718-10-25-2 for a discussion of share-based payment capitalized as a part of inventory. 330-10-30330-10-30-17 > Costs of Computer Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Otherwise Marketed 30-10-30330-10-30-18 See Sections 985-20-25 and 985-20-35 and paragraphs 985-20-55-2 through 55-3 for a discussion of accounting for the costs of producing and acquiring computer software, including software that is marketed as part of a product or process. > Costs of Certain Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts 330-10-30330-10-30-19 See Section 605-35-25 for a discussion of accounting for contract and precontract costs of certain construction-type and production-type contracts. 3 30-10-35 Subsequent MeasurementNote: General Note The Subsequent Measurement Section provides guidance on an entity’s subsequent measurement and subsequent recognition of an item. Situations that may result in subsequent changes to carrying amount include impairment, fair value adjustments, depreciation and amortization, and so forth. General > Adjustments to Lower of Cost or Market 330-10-35330-10-35-1 A departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as their cost.Where there is evidence that the utility of goods, in their disposal in the ordinary course of business, will be less than cost, whether due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, the difference shall be recognized as a loss of the current period. This is generally accomplished by stating such goods at a lower level commonly designated as market market. 330-10-35330-10-35-2 The cost basis of record ing inventory ordinarily achieves the objective of a proper matching of costs and revenues.However, under certain circumstances cost may not be the amount properly chargeable against the revenues of future periods. A departure from cost is required in these circumstances because cost is satisfactory only if the utility of the goods has not diminished since their acquisition; a loss of utility shall be reflected as a charge against the revenues of the period in which it occurs. Thus, in accounting for inventories, a loss shall be recognized whenever the utility of goods is impaired by damage, deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes.The measurement of such losses shall be accomplished by applying the rule of pricing inventories at the lower of cost or market. This provides a practical means of measuring utility and thereby determining the amount of the loss to be recognized and accounted for in the current period. 330-10-35330-10-35-3 The rule of lower of cost or market is intended to provide a means of measuring the residual usefulness of an inventory expenditure.The term market is therefore to be interpreted as indicating utility on the inventory date and may be thought of in terms of the equivalent expenditure which would have to be made in the ordinary course at that date to procure corresponding utility. 330-10-35330-10-35-4 As a general guide, utility is indicated primarily by the current cost of replacement of the goods as they would be obtained by purchase or reproduction. In applying the rule, however, judgment must always be exercised and no loss shall be recognized unless the evidence indicates clearly that a loss has been sustained.There are therefore exceptions to such a standard. Replacement or reproduction prices would not be appropriate as a measure of utility when the estimated sales value, reduced by the costs of completion and disposal, is lower, in which case the realizable value so determined more appropriately measures utility. 330-10-35330-10-35-5 Furthermore, when the evidence indicates that cost will be recovered with an approximately normal profit upon sale in the ordinary course of business, no loss shall be recognized even though replacement or reproduction costs are lower.This might be true, for example, in the case of production under firm sales contracts at fixed prices, or when a reasonable volume of future orders is assured at stable selling prices. 330-10-35-6 If inventory has been the hedged item in a fair value hedge, the inventory’s cost basis used in the lower 330- 10-35of cost or market accounting shall reflect the effect of the adjustments of its carrying amount made pursuant to paragraph 815-25-35-1(b). 330-10-35330-10-35-7 Because of the many variations of circumstances encountered in inventory pricing, the definition of market is intended as a guide rather than a literal rule.It shall be applied realistically in light of the objectives expressed in this Subtopi c and with due regard to the form, content, and composition of the inventory. For example, the retail inventory method, if adequate markdowns are currently taken, accomplishes the objectives described herein. It is also recognized that, if a business is expected to lose money for a sustained period, the inventory shall not be written down to offset a loss inherent in the subsequent operations. 30-10-35330-10-35-8 Depending on the character and composition of the inventory, the rule of lower of cost or market may properly be applied either directly to each item or to the total of the inventory (or, in some cases, to the total of the components of each major category). The method shall be that which most clearly reflects periodic income. 330-10-35330-10-35-9 The purpose of reducing inventory to market is to reflect fairly the income of the period. The most common practice is to apply the lower of cost or market rule separately to each item of the inventory.However, if there is only on e end-product category the cost utility of the total stock—the inventory in its entirety—may have the greatest significance for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the reduction of individual items to market may not always lead to the most useful result if the utility of the total inventory to the business is not below its cost. This might be the case if selling prices are not affected by temporary or small fluctuations in current costs of purchase or manufacture. 30-10-35330-10-35-10 Similarly, where more than one major product or operational category exists, the application of the lower of cost or market rule to the total of the items included in such major categories may result in the most useful determination of income. When no loss of income is expected to take place as a result of a reduction of cost prices of certain goods because others forming components of the same general categories of finished products have a market equally in excess of cost, such components need not be adjusted to market to the extent that they are in balanced quantities.Thus, in such cases, the rule of lower of cost or market, may be applied directly to the totals of the entire inventory, rather than to the individual inventory items, if they enter into the same category of finished product and if they are in balanced quantities, provided the procedure is applied consistently from year to year. 330-10-35330-10-35-11 To the extent, however, that the stocks of particular materials or components are excessive in relation to others, the more widely recognized procedure of applying the lower of cost or market to the individual items constituting the excess shall be followed.This would also apply in cases in which the items enter into the production of unrelated products or products having a material variation in the rate of turnover. Unless an effective method of classifying categories is practicable, the rule shall be applied to each item in the inventory. 330-10-35330-10 -35-12 See paragraphs 330-10-30-9 through 30-14 for guidance on inventory pricing methods. > Loss Due to Sales Incentive 330-10-35330-10-35-13 The offer of a sales incentive that will result in a loss on the sale of a product may indicate an impairment of existing inventory under this Subtopic. gt; New Cost Basis 330-10-35-14 In the case of goods which have been written down below cost at the close of a fiscal year, such 330- 10-35reduced amount is to be considered the cost for subsequent accounting purposes. Paragraph 270-10-45-6 provides guidance for preparing interim financial statements. > Stating Inventories Above Cost 330-10-35330-10-35-15 Only in exceptional cases may inventories properly be stated above cost.For example, precious metals having a fixed monetary value with no substantial cost of marketing may be stated at such monetary value; any other exceptions must be justifiable by inability to determine appropriate approximate costs, immediate marketability at quote d market price, and the characteristic of unit interchangeability. 330-10-35330-10-35-16 It is generally recognized that income accrues only at the time of sale, and that gains may not be anticipated by reflecting assets at their current sales prices.However, exceptions for reflecting assets at selling prices are permissible for both of the following: a. Inventories of gold and silver, when there is an effective government-controlled market at a fixed monetary value b. Inventories representing agricultural, mineral, and other products, with all of the following criteria: 1. Units of which are interchangeable 2. Units of which have an immediate marketability at quoted prices 3. Units for which appropriate costs may be difficult to obtain.Where such inventories are stated at sales prices, they shall be reduced by expenditures to be incurred in disposal. > Purchase Commitments 330-10-35330-10-35-17 A net loss on firm purchase commitments for goods for inventory, measured in the same way as are inventory losses, shall be recognized in the accounts. The recognition in a current period of losses arising from the decline in the utility of cost expenditures is equally applicable to similar losses which are expected to arise from firm, uncancelable, and unhedged commitments for the future purchase of inventory items. 30-10-35330-10-35-18 The utility of such commitments is not impaired, and hence there is no loss, when the amounts to be realized from the disposition of the future inventory items are adequately protected by firm sales contracts or when there are other circumstances that reasonably assure continuing sales without price decline. > Accounting Changes 330-10-35330-10-35-19 Paragraph 250-10-55-1 explains that a change in composition of the elements of cost included in inventory is an accounting change and provides related guidance. 30-10-35330-10-35-20 The definition of direct effects of a change in accounting principle includes a change in inventory va luation methods as an accounting change. > Vendor Accounting for Consideration Given to a Customer or Reseller See Subtopic 605-50 for a discussion of consideration given by a vendor to a customer. 330-10-35330-10-35-21 > Customer or Reseller Accounting for Consideration Received from a Vendor 330-10-35330-10-35-22 See Section 605-50 for a discussion of accounting by a customer (including a reseller) for consideration received from a vendor. >Interim Financial Reporting See paragraph 270-10-45-6 for a discussion of practices used in determining costs of inventory on an 330-10-35330-10-35-23 interim basis. 330-10-45 Other Presentation Matters Note: General Note The Other Presentation Matters Section provides guidance on other presentation matters not addressed in the Recognition, Initial Measurement, Subsequent Measurement, and Derecognition Sections. Other presentation matters may include items such as current or long-term balance sheet classification, cash flow presentatio n, earnings per share matters, and so forth.The FASB Codification also contains Presentation Topics, which provide guidance for general presentation and display items. See those Topics for general guidance. General > Change in Composition is Accounting Change 330-10-45330-10-45-1 See paragraph 330-10-35-19 for guidance on dealing with the effects of an accounting change resulting from a change in elements of cost included in inventory inventory. > Costs of Certain Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts 330-10-45330-10-45-2 See paragraphs 605-35-45-3 through 45-5 for guidance on presenting contract costs of certain construction-type and production-type contracts. 30-10-50 Disclosure Note: General Note The Disclosure Section provides guidance regarding the disclosure in the notes to financial statements. In some cases, disclosure may relate to disclosure on the face of the financial statements. General > Basis for Stating Inventories 330-10-50330-10-50-1 The basis of stating inventories shall be consistently applied and shall be disclosed in the financial statements; whenever a significant change is made therein, there shall be disclosure of the nature of the change and, if material, the effect on income. A change of such basis ay have an important effect upon the interpretation of the financial statements both before and after that change, and hence, in the event of a change, a full disclosure of its nature and of its effect, if material, upon income shall be made. > Losses from Application of Lower of Cost or Market 330-10-50330-10-50-2 When substantial and unusual losses result from the application of the rule of lower of cost or market it will frequently be desirable to disclose the amount of the loss in the income statement as a charge separately identified from the consumed inventory costs described as cost of goods sold. gt; Goods Stated Above Cost Where goods are stated above cost this fact shall be fully disclosed. 330-10-50330-10-5 0-3 > Stating Inventories at Sales Prices 330-10-50330-10-50-4 Where such inventories are stated at sales prices, the use of such basis shall be fully disclosed in the financial statements. > Losses on Firm Purchase Commitments 330-10-50330-10-50-5 The amounts of net losses on firm purchase commitments accrued under paragraph 330-10-35-17 shall be disclosed separately in the income statement. >Disclosure of Significant Estimates 330-10-50330-10-50-6 See Example 1 (paragraph 330-10-55-8) for an illustration of the disclosure of significant estimates applicable to inventories as required by Section 275-10-50. 330-10-55 Implementation Guidance and Illustrations Note: General Note The Implementation Guidance and Illustrations Section contains implementation guidance and illustrations that are an integral part of the Subtopic. The implementation guidance and illustrations do not address all possible variations.Users must consider carefully the actual facts and circumstances in r elation to the requirements of the Subtopic. General 330-10-55330-10-55-1 This Section, which is an integral part of the requirements of this Topic, provides general guidance to be used in accounting for inventory Certain assumptions have been made to simplify the computations and focus on the inventory. issue at hand in each illustration. > >> Implementation Guidance Market Decline in Interim Period 30-10-55330-10-55-2 If near-term price recovery is uncertain, a decline in the market price of inventory below cost during an interim period shall be accounted for as follows. Paragraph 270-10-45-6 requires that the inventory be written down to the lower of cost or market unless either of the following conditions is met: a. Substantial evidence exists that market prices will recover before the inventory is sold. b. In the case of last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventory, substantial evidence exists that inventory amounts will be restored by year-end. A write-down is generally requir ed nless the decline is due to seasonal price fluctuations. >> Costs Capitalized to Inventory for Tax Purposes 330-10-55330-10-55-3 The following provides guidance as to whether the types of costs that are required to be allocated to inventories for tax purposes under the Uniform Capitalization Rules for Inventory under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 would be capitalizable under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and, if so, whether the costing method required for tax purposes is a preferable method for purposes of justifying a change in accounting principle. 30-10-55330-10-55-4 The fact that a cost is capitalizable for tax purposes does not, in itself, indicate that it is preferable, or even appropriate, to capitalize that cost for financial reporting purposes. Certain of the additional costs that are required to be capitalized for tax purposes may also be capitalizable for financial reporting purposes, depending on factors such as the nature of the entity's operatio n and industry practice. That determination, however, can only be made after an analysis of the individual facts and circumstances. gt;;gt; ;gt;;gt;;gt; Capitalizing Pension and Other Postretirement Cost Into Inventory Interest Cost Component 330-10-55330-10-55-5 A fundamental aspect of Sections 715-30-35 and 715-60-35 is to combine or aggregate the various pension and other postretirement cost components, including service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, and amortization of all of the following items recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income: a. Net transition asset or obligation b. Prior service cost or credit c.Net gain or loss. 330-10-55330-10-55-6 In the aggregate, net periodic pension and other postretirement cost is viewed as an element of employee compensation. Therefore, when it is appropriate to capitalize employee compensation in connection with the construction or production of an asset, the net periodic pension and other postretirement co st applicable to the pertinent employees for the period (including interest cost), not individual components of that amount, is the relevant amount. ;gt;;gt;;gt; Net Periodic Pension Income 30-10-55330-10-55-7 If an entity's cost allocation process capitalizes net periodic pension cost as part of the cost of inventory or other assets, net periodic pension income also shall be capitalized, thereby reducing the total employee compensation and other costs being capitalized. > >> Illustrations Example 1: Disclosure of Significant Estimates 330-10-55330-10-55-8 This Example illustrates the guidance in paragraph 330-10-50-6 regarding the disclosure of significant estimates related to inventory. Entity A manufactures high technology stereo equipment.In June 19X7, one of Entity A's competitors introduced a new model stereo system with the same features as Entity A's Model A. The competitor's version sells for significantly less than Entity A's suggested retail price for Model A. Th e introduction of this product resulted in a sharp decrease in the sales volume of Model A. As of December 31, 19X7, Entity A has accumulated significant inventory quantities beyond its normal short-term needs of its Model A system. Inventory for Model A ($6 million) represents approximately 20 percent of Entity A's inventory at that date.The remaining 80 percent of Entity A's inventory consists of products experiencing only normal competitive pressures. Entity A has established provisions for obsolescence for this latter group of products in the normal course of business. 330-10-55330-10-55-9 Management has developed a program to provide substantial dealer incentives on purchases of the Model A, which it expects will result in the sale of this inventory in the near term. Because of the existing high profit margin on its stereo systems, Entity A would continue to earn a marginal profit on sales of the Model A under the new program.It is also reasonably possible, however, that the pr ogram will not be wholly successful, and, accordingly, a material loss could ultimately result on the disposal of the inventory. 330-10-55330-10-55-10 The entity would disclose the following. As of December 31, 19X7, some portion of $6 million of inventory of one of the entity's products is in excess of Entity A's current requirements based on the recent level of sales. Management has developed a program to reduce this inventory to desired levels over the near term and believes no loss will be incurred on its disposition.No estimate can be made of a range of amounts of loss that are reasonably possible should the program not be successful. 330-10-55330-10-55-11 This situation meets the criteria for disclosure under paragraph 275-10-50-8 because circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, including the decreasing sales volume and excessive quantities of inventory of Model A, make it at least reasonably possible that management's plan to liquidate its excess in ventory without a loss will be less than fully successful and that such an outcome would have a near-term material effect on the entity's financial statements. 30-10-55330-10-55-12 In this Example, Entity A discloses the existence of potentially excess quantities of inventory at the date of the financial statements and indicates that the uncertainty is expected to be resolved in the near term. The disclosure is intended to provide users with insight into management's assessment of recoverability of the cost of inventories existing at the date of the financial statements.Although disclosure of the $6 million carrying amount of the inventory of Model A is not required because, based on the facts presented, $6 million does not constitute a reasonable estimate of loss on the disposal of the inventory or the maximum amount in an estimated range of loss, disclosure of this amount is not misleading and may provide useful information. 330-10-55330-10-55-13 Discussion of Entity A's provision for obsolescence for the remaining 80 percent of its inventory is not required because it is not considered reasonably possible that additional aterial losses on this inventory will occur. 330-10-75 XBRL Elements Note: General Note This section contains a list of XBRL elements that reference paragraphs in this Subtopic. For additional details regarding changes to the development version of the US GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy, refer to the FASB taxonomy review and comment system on the FASB web site (www. fasb. org). Adjustments for Change in Accounting Principle [Domain]Element Name: ChangeInAccountingPrincipleMember This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): Accounting Change Change in Accounting Principle Indirect Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-1(b)(1)-(2) 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-2Adjustments for New Accounting Pronouncement [Member] Element Name: NewAccountingPronouncementMember This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): Accounting Change Change in Accounting Principle Indirect Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle Inventory AdjustmentsElement Name: InventoryAdjustments This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-1 This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(b)) Inventory Finished Goods , Policy [Policy Text Block] Element Name: InventoryFinishedGoodsPolicy This XBRL element references the ollowing paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Inventory 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-2 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-3 270 Interim Reporting > 10 Overall > 45 Other Presentation > General, 45-12 270 Interim Reporting > 10 Overall > 45 Other Presentation > General, 45-13 270 Interim Reporting > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 0-01. (b)(6)) Selling, General and Administrative Expense Element Name: SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > 30 Initial Measurement > General, 30-8 This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 225 Income Statement > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SX 210. 5-03. 4) 2011-01Type of Change [Domain] (Deprecated 2011-01-31)Element Name: TypeOfChangeDomain This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): Accounting Change Change in Accounting Principle Indirect Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle Retrospective Application 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-1(a) 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-2 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-3 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-5(SAB TOPIC 11. M) 330-10-S00 Status Note: General Note The Status Section identifies changes to this Subtopic resulting from Accounting Standards Updates.The Section provides references to the affected Codification content and links to the related Accounting Standards Updates. Nonsubstantive changes for items such as editorial, link and similar corrections are included separately in Maintenance Updates. General 330-10-S00330-10-S00-1 Paragraph 330-10-S35-2 The following table identifies the changes made to this Subtopic. Action Amended Accounting Standards Update Accounting Standards Update No. 2009-07 Date 09/15/2009 330-10-S35 Subsequent Measurement Note: General Note The Subsequent Measurement Section provides guidance on an entity’s subsequent measurement and subsequent recognition of an item.Situations that may result in subsequent changes to carrying amount include impairment, fair value adjustments, depreciation and amortization, and so forth. General > Restoration of Previously Written-Down Inventory Value 330-10-S35330-10-S35-1 See paragraph 330- 10-S99-2, SAB Topic 5. BB, for SEC Staff views on restoration of inventory value following a previous write-down to lower of cost or market. > Classification of Inventory Markdowns and Other Costs Associated with a Restructuring 330-10-S35330-10-S35-2 See paragraph 420-10-S99-3, SEC Observer Comment: Classification of Inventory Markdowns and Other Costs Associated with Restructuring, for SEC Staff views on income statement classification of inventory markdowns associated with a restructuring. 330-10-S45 Other Presentation MattersNote: General Note The Other Presentation Matters Section provides guidance on other presentation matters not addressed in the Recognition, Initial Measurement, Subsequent Measurement, and Derecognition Sections. Other presentation matters may include items such as current or long-term balance sheet classification, cash flow presentation, earnings per share matters, and so forth. The FASB Codification also contains Presentation Topics, which provide guida nce for general presentation and display items. See those Topics for general guidance. General > Separate Presentation of Classes of Inventory 330-10-S45-1 See paragraph 210-10-S99-1, Regulation S-X Rule 5-02. 6, for requirements for inventory presentation 330- 10-S45on the balance sheet. 30-10-S50 Disclosure Note: General Note The Disclosure Section provides guidance regarding the disclosure in the notes to financial statements. In some cases, disclosure may relate to disclosure on the face of the financial statements. General > Inventory Disclosure Requirements See paragraph 210-10-S99-1, Regulation S-X Rules 5-02. 6(b) through (d), for inventory disclosure 330-10-S50330-10-S50-1 requirements. > LIFO Liquidations 330-10-S50330-10-S50-2 See paragraph 330-10-S99-3, SAB Topic 11. F, for SEC Staff views on disclosure of income realized as a result of a last-in, first-out (LIFO) liquidation. 330-10-S55 Implementation Guidance and IllustrationsNote: General Note The Implementat ion Guidance and Illustrations Section contains implementation guidance and illustrations that are an integral part of the Subtopic. The implementation guidance and illustrations do not address all possible variations. Users must consider carefully the actual facts and circumstances in relation to the requirements of the Subtopic. General > LIFO Inventory Practices 330-10-S55330-10-S55-1 See paragraph 330-10-S99-1, SAB Topic 5. L, for SEC Staff views on appropriate last-in, first-out (LIFO) accounting practices. 330-10-S75 XBRL Elements Note: General Note This section contains a list of XBRL elements that reference paragraphs in this Subtopic.For additional details regarding changes to the development version of the US GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy, refer to the FASB taxonomy review and comment system on the FASB web site (www. fasb. org). Effect of LIFO Inventory Liquidation on Income Element Name: EffectOfLIFOInventoryLiquidationOnIncome This XBRL element references the fol lowing paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S50 Disclosure > General, S50-2 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-3 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-3(SAB TOPIC 11. F) Inventory, Raw Materials, Net of ReservesElement Name: InventoryRawMaterialsNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(4)) Inventory, Supplies, Net of Reserves Element Name: InventorySuppliesNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL elemen t references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(5))Inventory, Work in Process and Raw Materials, Net of Reserves Element Name: InventoryWorkInProcessAndRawMaterialsNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(3),(4)) Inventory, Work in Process, Net of Reserves Element Name: InventoryWorkInProcessNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5.BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other S ubtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(3)) Other Inventory, Net of Reserves Element Name: OtherInventoryNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6) 330-10-S99 SEC Materials Note: General Note As more fully described in the Notice to Constituents, the Codification includes selected SEC and SEC Staff content for reference by ublic companies. The Codification does not replace or affect how the SEC or SEC Staff issues or updates SEC content. SEC Staff content does not constitute Commission-approved rules or interpretations of the SEC. General > >> >>> SEC Staff Guidance Staff Accountin g Bulletins SAB Topic 5. L, LIFO Inventory Practices The following is the text of SAB Topic 5. L, LIFO Inventory Practices. 330-10-S99330-10-S99-1 Facts: On November 30, 1984, AcSEC and its Task Force on LIFO Inventory Problems (task force) issued a paper, â€Å"Identification and Discussion of Certain Financial Accounting and Reporting Issues Concerning LIFO Inventories. This paper identifies and discusses certain financial accounting and reporting issues related to the last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventory method for which authoritative accounting literature presently provides no definitive guidance. For some issues, the task force's advisory conclusions recommend changes in current practice to narrow the diversity which the task force believes exists. For other issues, the task force's advisory conclusions recommend that current practice should be continued for financial reporting purposes and that additional accounting guidance is unnecessary. Except as otherwise noted in the pap er, AcSEC generally supports the task force's advisory conclusions.As stated in the issues paper, â€Å"Issues papers of the AICPA's accounting standards division are developed primarily to identify financial accounting and reporting issues the division believes need to be addressed or clarified by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. † On February 6, 1985, the FASB decided not to add to its agenda a narrow project on the subject of LIFO inventory practices. Question 1: What is the SEC staff's position on the issues paper? Interpretive Response: In the absence of existing authoritative literature on LIFO accounting, the staff believes that registrants and their independent accountants should look to the paper for guidance in determining what constitutes acceptable LIFO accounting practice. FN11 In this connection, the staff considers the paper to be an accumulation of existing cceptable LIFO accounting practices which does not establish any new standards and does not div erge from GAAP. FN11 In ASR 293 (July 2, 1981) see Financial Reporting Codification 205, the Commission expressed its concerns about the inappropriate use of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) LIFO practices for financial statement preparation. Because the IRS amended its regulations concerning the LIFO conformity rule on January 13, 1981, allowing companies to apply LIFO differently for financial reporting purposes than for tax purposes, the Commission strongly encouraged registrants and their independent accountants to examine their financial reporting LIFO practices.In that release, the Commission acknowledged the â€Å"task force which has been established by AcSEC to accumulate information about [LIFO] application problems† and noted that â€Å"This type of effort, in addition to self-examination [of LIFO practices] by individual registrants, is appropriate†¦ † The staff also believes that the advisory conclusions recommended in the issues paper are generally con sistent with conclusions previously expressed by the Commission, such as: 1. Pooling-paragraph 4-6 of the paper discusses LIFO inventory pooling and concludes â€Å"establishing separate pools with the principal objective of facilitating inventory liquidations is unacceptable. In Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release 35, August 13, 1984, the Commission stated that it believes that the Company improperly realigned its LIFO pools in such a way as to maximize the likelihood and magnitude of LIFO liquidations and thus, overstated net income. 2. New Items-paragraph 4-27 of the paper discusses determination of the cost of new items and concludes â€Å"if the double extension or an index technique is used, the objective of LIFO is achieved by reconstructing the base year cost of new items added to existing pools. † In ASR 293, the Commission stated that when the effects of inflation on the cost of new products are measured by making a comparison with current cost as the base- year cost, rather than a reconstructed base-year cost, income is improperly increased.Question 2: If a registrant utilizes a LIFO practice other than one recommended by an advisory conclusion in the issues paper, must the registrant change its practice to one specified in the paper? Interpretive Response: Now that the issues paper is available, the staff believes that a registrant and its independent accountants should re-examine previously adopted LIFO practices and compare them to the recommendations in the paper. In the event that the registrant and its independent accountants conclude that the registrant's LIFO practices are preferable in the circumstances, they should be prepared to justify their position in the event that a question is raised by the staff.Question 3: If a registrant elects to change its LIFO practices to be consistent with the guidance in the issues paper and discloses such changes in accordance with APB Opinion 20 [Subtopic 250-10] will the registrant be requ ested by the staff to explain its past practices and its justification for those practices? Interpretive Response: The staff does not expect to routinely raise questions about changes in LIFO practices which are made to make a company's accounting consistent with the recommendations in the issues paper. >>> SAB Topic 5. BB, Inventory Valuation Allowance The following is the text of SAB Topic 5. BB, Inventory Valuation Allowance. 330-10-S99330-10-S99-2 Facts: ARB 43, Chapter 4, Statement 5 [paragraph 330-10-35-1], specifies that: â€Å"[a] departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as its cost.Where there is evidence that the utility of goods, in their disposal in the ordinary course of business, will be less than cost, whether due to physical obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, the difference should be recognized as a loss of the current period. This is generally accomplished by stating such goods at a lower level commonly designated as market. † Footnote 2 to that same chapter indicates that â€Å"[i]n the case of goods which have been written down below cost at the close of a fiscal period, such reduced amount is to be considered the cost for subsequent accounting purposes. † Lastly, Opinion 20 provides â€Å"inventory obsolescence† as one of the items subject to estimation and changes in estimates under the guidance in paragraphs 10-11 and 31-33 of that Opinion. Question: Does the write-down of inventory to the lower of ost or market, as required by ARB 43 [Section 330-10-35], create a new cost basis for the inventory or may a subsequent change in facts and circumstances allow for restoration of inventory value, not to exceed original historical cost? Interpretive Response: Based on ARB 43, footnote 2, the staff believes that a write-down of inventory to the lower of cost or market at the close of a fiscal period creates a new cost b asis that subsequently cannot be marked up based on changes in underlying facts and circumstances. FN68 FN68 See also disclosure requirement for inventory balances in Rule 5-02(6) of Regulation S-X. >>> SAB Topic 11. F, LIFO LiquidationsThe following is the text of SAB Topic 11. F, LIFO Liquidations. 330-10-S99330-10-S99-3 Facts: Registrant on LIFO basis of accounting liquidates a substantial portion of its LIFO inventory and as a result includes a material amount of income in its income statement which would not have been recorded had the inventory liquidation not taken place. Question: Is disclosure required of the amount of income realized as a result of the inventory liquidation? Interpretive Response: Yes. Such disclosure would be required in order to make the financial statements not misleading. Disclosure may be made either in a footnote or parenthetically on the face of the income statement.